It penetrated through only one gallon of water for a total of 3 inches of ballistic gelatin at a 2 to 1 ratio. That's not much penetration.

The ball was so unaffected, I could have shot it again.

Black powder gains velocity as a function of the amount of powder and the length of the barrel.

So let's try a longer barreled pistol and more powder.

Here I am loading 40 grains of FFFg powder into the Kentucky pistol.

Let's see what it will do. Stand and deliver!

Fire and Smoke!

It penetrated 4 jugs, or 12 inches equivalent in BG.